History of Microscopes

A microscope  is an instrument used for viewing objects that are too small to be seen easily by the naked eye. There are many types of microscopes, from the common optical microscope—which uses light to magnify a sample—to the electron microscope, ultramicroscope, and various types of scanning probe microscopes. No matter what kind of microscope youre using, it had to start somewhere. Understand the history of this invention with this microscope timeline. Early Years Circa 1000 CE: The first vision aid, called a reading stone, was created (inventor unknown). It was a glass sphere that magnified reading materials when laid on top of them.Circa 1284: Italian inventor  Salvino DArmate is credited with inventing the first wearable eyeglasses.1590: Two Dutch eyeglass makers, Zacharias Janssen and son Hans Janssen, experimented with multiple lenses placed in a tube. The Janssens observed that objects viewed in front of the tube appeared greatly enlarged, creating both the telescope and the forerunner of the compound microscope.1665: English physicist  Robert Hooke looked at a sliver of cork through a microscope lens and noticed pores or cells in it.1674: Anton van Leeuwenhoek built a simple microscope with only one lens to examine blood, yeast, insects, and many other tiny objects. He was the first person to describe bacteria,  and he also invented new methods for grinding and polishing microscope lenses. These techniques allowed for curvatures p roviding magnifications of up to 270 diameters, the best available lenses at that time. 1800s 1830: Joseph Jackson Lister reduced spherical aberration (or the chromatic effect) by showing that several weak lenses used together at certain distances provided good magnification without blurring the image. This was the prototype for the compound microscope.1872: Ernst Abbe, then research director of the Zeiss Optical Works, wrote a mathematical formula called the Abbe Sine Condition. His formula provided calculations that allowed for the maximum possible resolution in microscopes. 1900s 1903: Richard Zsigmondy developed the ultramicroscope capable of studying  objects below the wavelength of light. For this, he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1925.1932: Frits Zernike invented the phase-contrast microscope that allowed for the study of colorless and transparent biological materials. He won the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physics for it.1931: Ernst Ruska co-invented the electron microscope, for which he won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986. An electron microscope depends on electrons rather than light to view an object.  Electrons are sped up in a vacuum until their wavelength is extremely short—only 0.00001 that of white light. Electron microscopes make it possible to view objects as small as the diameter of an atom.1981: Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer invented the scanning tunneling microscope that gives three-dimensional images of objects down to the atomic level. They won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986 for this accomplishment. The powerful scanning t unneling microscope is one of the strongest microscopes to date.

Utilitarianism and Omelas Applying John Stuart Mills...

Through the course of this paper the author will try to demonstrate, depicting both sides of the argument, the reasons in which a follower of John Stuart Mill s Utilitarianism would disagree with the events taking place in Ursula Le Guin s The One s Who Walk Away from Omelas. The creed which accepts as the foundation of morals, Utility, or the Greatest Happiness Principle, holds that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness (Mill 55). This is how Mill first presents the idea of Utilitarianism. If it promotes happiness it is right, if it promotes the reverse of happiness, then it is wrong. If one were to simply take this statement, without further†¦show more content†¦The teachings of Mill on page 57 state that a highly endowed being would always find that any happiness he searched for would inevitably be imperfect. Yet this being has the ability to learn to bear its imperfections. If this were true, the people of Omelas would be able to bear the imperfections of the normal world they once lived in and, therefore, have no need to pursue the perfect happiness and pleasures. This thought is also backed

Society the Mental Health of Women Free Essays

The gender roles placed on women are far more harmful than they seem.   Women are expected to have communal traits whereas men are expected to be agentic.   Communal traits are things that maintain strong relationships like being nurturing or compassionate, and polite. We will write a custom essay sample on Society the Mental Health of Women or any similar topic only for you Order Now    Men are generally expected to be assertive and competitive (White, pg 58).   When these gender roles are violated society tends to discriminate.   In the work place, when a woman is especially assertive she is often referred to as a bitch or masculine because others believe she is â€Å"not very feminine† but if a man were to do the same he would simply be seen as a go-getter (White, pg 59). This is a Western society norm, and it obviously puts women at a serious disadvantage professionally, because in order for her to achieve success as defined by society she must maintain relationships and not sacrifice them for advances in her career.   As a result, women hold lower positions, don’t get paid as much as men, and don’t get as many promotions.   This prejudice is the core cause to mental health problems for women, as well as an inherent trait of western society. At every level of education, it has been proven that women make less than men (Judith, 52).   Women are less likely to ask for raises because they don’t like to self-promote, and they also don’t want to create any animosity between her and her supervisor which would violate her role as a woman.   As a result of these professional setbacks women tend to be in lower economic classes.   Anyone with financial problems is at a higher risk for depression, but women have lower paying jobs, so they are more liable (Judith, 52).   Poverty definitely plays a big part in the development of depression, among other disorders.   Not having enough money to eat is severe stress and not having enough money to feed your children is twice as bad. One major problem in society that is mentally affecting our women is this culture of thinness.   There is an immense amount of pressure placed on women to be attractive and thin through the media and the stick-thin models regularly gracing magazine covers.   As a result, women are more likely to develop eating disorders.   Anorexia, an eating disorder that involves drastic fasting, and Bulimia, which consists of binge eating followed by any compensatory behavior, are virtually nonexistent in men (White, pg 62). Both of these disorders lead to serious health problems but anorexia ultimately leads to death by starvation.   It is thought that these disorders are caused by a perceived lack of control in their lives; which is balanced by these women having complete control over their looks.   Discrimination against unattractive or overweight women is an unspoken prejudice.   This epidemic of attaining physical perfection is actually an unnecessary and harmful setback for women. Women are more likely to seek therapy (Judith, 52).   There is an over-diagnosis of women and an under-diagnosis of men.   General discrimination towards women is that communal traits aren’t as valued as physical strength, which can lead to depression.   House work creates sense of never having leisure time, it provides no emotional reward and an isolation factor.   Emphasis on physical appearance, body image eating disorders, lack of control over appearance leads to depression.   Gender roles, since women are expected to be communal their relationships can lead to depression because there is more pressure on them to have good relationships, so when the relationships are unsuccessful, they tend to blame themselves. In the text book Taking Sides: Clashing Views in Gender, author Jacuelyn W. White discusses the cultural differences between men and women.   She argues that men and women live in entirely two separate worlds and likens the contrasting relationship between they have to that of a difference between two culture.   The requirements society places on this underlying female culture is the core cause of violence against women, such as rape sexual harassment and physical abuse (White, pg 58).   Western society designates women into an objectified position. They are seen as objects of sexual obsession, and a reward of male agentic interaction, but they are not seen as equal within male culture.   Oddly enough, within female culture, mainstream success is based on beauty, politeness and being conductors of societal interaction.   This is often the reason why the common saying is made that, if women ruled the world, war would no longer exist. In her book, Women’s Lives, Judeth Bridges analyzes dysfunctional female mental health.   She points out that girls and women account for 95 percent of cases of anorexia nervosa (Judith, 52).   One to four percent of all female adolescents and young adults suffer from the disorder (Judith, 52). Women are two to three times more likely to experience depression over their lifetime.   Women are also more likely to attempt suicide. Anorexia nervosa, and Bulimia are diseases, but they can both be seen as the direct result of personality disorders formed by women in reaction to societal confines.   The influences these societal confines have on the mental health of women is undeniable, but these societal prejudices are also being combated through contemporary film. The heroine in cinema has come a long way since the origin of film.   It can be argued that this is a directly relative to societal changes.   The performing arts have evolved from not allowing blacks, or women to perform, to having minorities in lead roles where they play everyman/woman characters.   From the villainously empowering days of the Femme fatale, to the current science fiction roles in which women save the world without any male assistance, the female in cinema is on the verge of equal empowerment. This is most true of those female celebrities who have established themselves as capable to play a broad range of roles.   Actresses like Angelina Jolie, Demi Moor and Sigourney Weaver play everything from action adventure heroines to pregnant mothers.   These women have contributed to the tradition of changing societal expectations of women through film.   One of the key films that plays on the cultural differences between men and women, while at the same time honestly depicts them is the film The Terminator, directed by James Cameron. The Terminator launched the career of, at the time, professional body builder and current governor Arnold Schwarzenegger; but more importantly, it is the quintessential science-fiction film. A young woman, by the name of Sarah Connor is hunted down by a cybernetic killer, who has traveled back in time from the year 2029.   In the future war between the Robots and humans, it is prophesied that Sarah Connor will give birth to the man who will save the human race. Thus, through her carrying out her motherly duty she becomes the hero of the film.   The twist on societal norms resides in the fact that Sarah Connor is also heralded as a great military hero in the future. These are ideals very common of the feminist empowerment movement.   Sarah maintains her social status as a female, while at the same time, she embodies all of the agentic qualities necessary to be a heroic soldier.   Though Connor is a soldier, she is also a woman who needs love, and by nature she feels the urge to love and mother a child.   In the beginning of the film, Sarah Connor is sensitive and weak. As the film progresses, her character becomes more confident and assertive.   The scene where Reese, her protector and love interest, teaches her how to make a pipe bomb from household products is an example of her learning the competitive tactics of men, and the point of her initial crossover into the role of the great soldier she is destined to become.   Connor in essence is presented as the last hope for the human race.   It is the triangular relationship between the Terminator, Connor and Reese that makes the most significant statement with regards to the contrast between male and female culture. Reese initially is sent back to protect Sarah Connor. Unbeknownst to either of them, he will eventually become the biological father of the baby he is sent to protect.   Reese is still a mortal, and continuously reminded of this fact when confronting the Terminator.   Sarah Connor is mortal, but she is also a great war hero fulfilling a prophecy. Sarah Connor’s character is empowered in this film and Reese is actually effeminized; by this, I mean that Reese is actually the weaker of the two. In the greatest measure of manliness against the ultimate destroying machine, Connor manages to surpass this benchmark; and in the end, she is the one who kills the Terminator. Whereas Reese, her supposed male protector, dies and fails where Sarah succeeds.   In the end, the only purpose he served was to produce offspring.   The man and the woman switch roles in this way, and an ironic yet empowering message is relayed to the audience.   Through film, the ideal that men and women are equal becomes more than just a neglected notion. In sum, societal expectations can be identified as the core cause to mental health problems in most women.   This can be seen in their inclination towards eating disorders, depression, and suicide attempts.   Though some of these ideals are being combated, women are still dying trying to fit into size zeros; they are forming social anxiety disorders that result in the increase of plastic surgery, excessively more expensive fashionable retail, and overall unrealistic expectations applied to women.   Advancements in mental health for women starts with adjustments to the prevalent ideals inherent in western society. Work Cited Belton, John. American Cinema/American Culture. New York: The Corporation for Public Broadcasting and New York Center for Visual History, 1994. Bridges, Judith, and Claire A. Etaugh. Women’s Lives. Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc., 2006. 51-53. Russ, Joanna. Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies ; Vol. 4, No. 2 (Summer, 1979), p. 71. Sociology of motherhood.† Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 9 Jan 2007, 11:29 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 23 Apr 2007 http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sociology_of_motherhoodoldid=99539527. White, Jacquelyn W. Taking Sides. 3rd ed. Vol. 1. Dubuque: McGraw-Hills Company, 2007. 1-396.    How to cite Society the Mental Health of Women, Essay examples

Theme of Conflict in Romeo and Juliet free essay sample

William Shakespeare is a popular and legendary play Wright from the a Elizabethan era. Shakespeares plays have stood the test and time and still appeal to audiences today. He wrote classics such as Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth and The Taming of the Shrew. Shakespeare was an incredibly popular play Wright during Elizabeth oreign as Queen of England and at this time Britain was a Christian country . The English had a very poor opinion of their own language and their was very little serious writing, hardly any literature, Shakespeare was educated at a local grammar chool and went on to become one of the worlds most successful play wright. He also wrote two long poems and a collections of sonnets, that appealed to Elizabeth l, a great admirer of Shakespeares work. His plays were a variety of comedy, tragedy and romance. One of Shakespeares classics plays is Romeo and Juliet. We will write a custom essay sample on Theme of Conflict in Romeo and Juliet or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He is said to have written the play in 1597 approx. Shakespeare tells the tale of two star crossed lovers, Romeo and Juliet, whose short romance is plagued with tragedy. The play focus on popular themes such as romance, tragedy, death and violence. Shakespeare as inspired by a poem by Arthur Brook called, The tragical Histoire of Romeus and Juliet. The poem never got much acknowledgment or recognition but Shakespeare used it as the basis for writing a play about, who are now, the worlds most famous lovers. Romeo and Juliets meeting is told in the form of sonnets, which were very popular in Elizabeth I court and would appeal to Queen Elizabeth. It is said that Shakespeare wrote his plays with Queen Elizabeths tastes in mind. The prologue of the play reveals a lot about the plays theme and how fate plays an important part in he play. We are told that Romeo and Juliet are star crossed lovers (destined for bad luck) and death marked. we know that their relationship will be plagued with death. The prologue actually reveals the plot and could be seen as ruining the play. However many of Shakespeares audience were looking to enjoy how well it was told, not seeking to be surprised by original plot turns. Fate and fortune are closely related in this play. In the Elizabethan era people strongly believed in superstition, fate, destiny and the wheel of fortune. People believed they had no influence in their life as everything was already planned out. In this essay I will study how fate plays an important part in Romeo and Juliet and I will also study if Romeo and Juliet had the ability to choose what to do or if their short lives were predestined The play is filled with references to fate and fortune. Everything seems to fall in place and this theme appealed to Elizabethans. Events that happen later in the play link back to other events earlier on and it seem evident that Romeo and Juliets lives are ruled by the heel of fortune. Romeo is a young son of the Montagues. He is dramatic and constantly in love. Juliet is the daughter of the Capulet s, the rival family of the Montagues. She is quite naive and has always obeyed her parents wishes, until she meets Romeo. They meet by chance, fall in love and begin a relationship plagued with tragedy. They marry in secret but soon after Romeo is banished for killing Juliets cousin, Tybalt and Juliet is betrothed to Paris, a family friend. However Juliet posses a